Abstract: Safe, up-to-date, and resilient water network systems are critical for ensuring the security and meeting the strategic demands of a national water supply. This review systematically analyzes the evolution and construction of China’s water network system and summarizes the features and major achievements of the different developmental stages. This analysis provides a foundation for a proposal for the development of a water network system that meets the requirements of the new era. The concept and connotations of a “Three-Dimensional Water Network” are defined, and its multi-dimensional coupling structure comprising “point-line-area-volume” elements and associated multi-functional synergistic mechanisms are elucidated. Theoretical aspects of the water cycle, multi-dimensional synergetics, risk prevention and control, and ecosystem services are integrated to establish a systematic theoretical framework for the planning, construction, and management of the Three-Dimensional Water Network. In terms of engineering practice, the study additionally identifies directions for advancements in key technologies, including full-process water-flow simulation, optimized system networking, multi-objective allocation and scheduling, and intelligent operational and maintenance management. The findings have significant implications for the construction of a modernized water network system.