Abstract: The study of climate change impacts on hydrological extremes including floods and droughts has been widely recognized as one of the main scientific issues that need to be addressed with priority.This article reviews recent advances in the relevant study with emphasis on the methodologies used for statistical downscaling and the approaches of using rainfall-runoff models to construct extreme scenarios under climate change conditions.The pros and cons of the methodologies and approaches are also discussed in order to propose some novel ideas dealing with hydrological extremes under climate change conditions.As the result,we recommend the use of multi-model ensemble techniques,data assimilation methods,and scale transformation in hydrological modeling.This could potentially reduce uncertainties in the construction of extreme scenarios under climate change conditions.